Ethical Decision Making

Issues with Ethical Decision Making Businesses are primarily profit driven and, as such, seek to maximise profits and reduce costs in any way that they can. It is within this context that the concept of ingrained corporate ethics, especially when it comes to managerial activities, is brought into question since, at the end of the day, managers and corporate executives have the responsibility of ensuring the continued survival of the company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethical Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies such as those by De Cremer, Dick, Tenbrunsel, Pillutla Murnighan (2011) help to emphasise this point by stating that since businesses are primarily profit driven entities which is seen in the case of Carroll’s pyramid wherein economic responsibilities form the base of the pyramid are the primary focus of all businesses today. Thus, when it comes to the importance business es place on the concept of corporate ethics, it can be seen that in the business decision matrix they consider it to be less than the need to be profitable. This is not to say that corporate ethics do not exist, far from it, ethical decisions are made by corporations all the time as seen in the case of Market Basket’s former CEO Arthur T. Demoulas who focused more on providing better salaries, benefits and profit sharing opportunities to employees rather than focus entirely on shareholder payouts. However, it should be noted that such actions are not a constant aspect of business decision making as seen in the case of GE’s former CEO Jeffrey Immelt wherein despite being given significant tax breaks for the company by the Obama administration in order to generate more jobs within the U.S. actually transferred a significant portion of the company’s manufacturing division outside of the U.S. instead. From a business operations standpoint, the actions of Immelt are within reason since manufacturing products in a far cheaper location simply makes good business sense, however, when taking into consideration the fact that the tax break given was to help generate local jobs the mere fact that he did the complete opposite questions the ethics behind the decision undertaken. The linkage between effective leadership, decision making and ethical management is supported by stewardship theory which states that managers need to â€Å"do the right thing† despite how such actions could potentially compromise the profitability of the company.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under such a concept, the use of ethical training and existing ethics codes become the best way in order to ensure ethical actions among the employees of a company wherein the focus is on operating and managing a company in a way that benefits the local community which is in line with CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) oriented business practices (Shelley, 2005). Under the perspective of stewardship theory, ensuring organisational decisions are made ethically is done through a business environment based approach wherein the internal culture of a company influences the manner in which business decisions are made ethically (Shelley, 2005). This internal culture is often brought about through the actions of the CEO and the upper management of a company wherein their actions and supportive behaviours reflect on the employees as a whole. For instance, when comparing the benefits, salaries and profit sharing of employees from Market Basket to those received by employees of Wal-Mart, it can be seen that there is a world of difference between the two wherein Market Basket employees are actually given a â€Å"living wage† and benefits that actually help them survive as compared to the tactics utilised by Wal-Mart. The reason this is being brought u p is due to the fact that the case of Market Basket shows that if there is sufficient will in the executive branch of the company, then it is possible to create organisational decisions that are done ethically instead of being for pure profit (i.e. low pay for Wal-Mart employees). This is where the theory of the firm/strategic leadership is applied which states that: CEOs have the capacity to influence how likely a company is to engage in the act of ethical decision making. Under this particular theoretical assumption, a well structured ethical code of conduct and ethical training will result in ethical actions by the company as a whole. The reason ethical actions are important within the context of operational management is due to the work of Groves, Vance Paik (2008) who stated that employees are not so dumb as to not realise when they are being subject to unethical decisions for the benefit of others (i.e. lower employee wages for higher shareholder returns for investors) and, a s such, respond accordingly to the situation (i.e. unethical decision making.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethical Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, when examining both cases of Wal-Mart and Market Basket, it must be asked: â€Å"what organisation is mostly likely to produce employees that ascribe to ethical decision making?† The answer is immediately obvious given the statement indicated by Groves et al. (2008) regarding employees and their response to being subject to unethical decisions. One way of looking at concept of ensuring that organisational decisions are made ethically is from the perspective of Bowen Heath (2005) and their view regarding self-interest and consensual constraint for corporations. From the perspective of Bowen Heath (2005) it is actually impossible for a corporation to act or make a decision against its own interest. This manifests itself in the decisio n to pursue an act of self interest in order to maximise the utility that can be derived from operating in a particular manner (Ferrell, Rogers, Ferrell Sawayda, 2013). For instance, since the early 2000s there has been a trend in outsourcing wherein companies within the U.S. have been outsourcing their production processes to countries such as China, India and Taiwan in order to lower the cost of labour associated with the production of their goods (Ferrell et al., 2013). Apple and Microsoft are notorious for such a practice by outsourcing the production of their iPhone and Xbox One devices to Foxxconn which is the largest third party manufacturer in the world. While there is nothing with the practice of outsourcing, the problem in the case of many third party manufacturers are the conditions that their employees are subject to. For instance, in the case of Foxxconn they actually had to place suicide prevention netting on several of their buildings in order to prevent workers from jumping to their deaths. Such actions are in part due to the horrendous working conditions in such companies and the relatively low pay workers get in compensation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From an organisational ethics standpoint, the continued practice of outsourcing the means of a company’s production to such locations is extremely unethical given the conditions the workers there are subject to, however, from a competitive standpoint, companies that outsource their methods of production cannot simply stop and revert to their original method of production due to the price point advantage their receive through outsourcing (Verbeke, Ouwerkerk Peelen, 1996). Evidence of this can be seen in the various news stories where Microsoft and Apple have actually stated to the media that they would evaluate their position regarding their outsourcing of production to Foxxconn due to recent news stories regarding the deplorable conditions workers are subject to. However, when examining the current third party manufacturer of these companies, it can be seen that it is still Foxxconn. Simply put, when it comes to the perspective of Bowen Heath (2005), they are absolutely rig ht since when it comes right down to it, self-interest in the face of intense competition is the only means by which a company can continue to survive. Due to the competitive nature of companies, it becomes harder to implement ethical decision making as corporations struggle to make profits in an economy where morally ambiguous corporate actions result in differing price ratios which are not in favour of a company that is not willing to pursue alternative actions of possible moral ambiguity. Ensuring Ethical Decision Making When it comes to ensuring ethical decision making within an organisation, this comes in the form of adhering to a certain moral code involving the way in which a business provide goods and services to their consumers or deal with their competitors. It is based on this that in order for leaders to ensure ethical decision making within an organisation, it is important that the eight ethical principles found in the Global Business Standards Code are implemented with in the company. By ensuring their adherence in company operations, it makes it more likely that the organisation as a whole will become more ethically oriented. Since Bowen Heath (2005) state that it is actually impossible for a corporation to act or make a decision against its own interest, then in order to bring about ethical decisions within an organisation, ethical actions must be in the direct interest of the company. The following are the principles of the Global Business Standards Code and how they are applied to ensure ethical decision making within a company: Fiduciary principle – can be described as a form of duty or obligation of an employee to the firm wherein they work in order to promote the interests of the company, ensure that other employees are benefitted from ones actions and lastly does not pursue any action that promotes one’s own self interest. In essence, the fiduciary principle can be described as one’s own loyalty to the company. Proper ty principle – is oriented towards an employee respecting the property of the company as well as other individuals. This comes in the form of ensuring that should the opportunity arise between a choice of stealing from the company or another individual or choosing an ethical course of action, it is hoped that a person will choose the most ethically sound choice. Reliability principle – is directly connected to honouring ones commitments. This comes in the form of following the guidelines set in employee contracts or following on through with a promise made to a customer. Transparency principle – specifically states that an employee must work in an open and truthful manner so as to better reflect company rather personal agendas. The principle of transparency is an important matter to take into account since if an individual is transparent in the way they work then it is likely that they will not get into any trouble regarding issues relation to honesty. Dignity p rinciple – is connected to the belief that an employee has the obligation to respect the dignity of all individuals. This comes in form of ensuring company operations in production or services adhere to proper ethical guidelines that ensure that a safe working environment is assured to employees and that adequate compensation is given for their work. Fairness principle – connected to the belief that stakeholders who have a vested interest in the company should be treated fairly. When it comes to corporate actions this take the form of fair competition wherein companies will not utilise underhanded techniques in order to get ahead in a competitive business environment, rather, they will utilise fair business strategies that ensure the company is looked upon respectfully by others. Citizenship principle – is based on the belief that an employee should act as a responsible citizen within a community. Within companies this takes the form of the employee committing t o adequate moral codes of conduct that do not harm either the company or the various employees that work in it. One example of a company that follows these types of principles would have to be one that immediately puts a stop to unethical business procedures when it is discovered that the means of production degrades human dignity. For example, with so many companies outsourcing to China it is easy to turn a blind eye to the environmental conditions in a Chinese factory since not only is the facility far away but it assures the company of a steady profit. A company that follows the Global Business Standards Codex would insist on better working standards for employees at an outsourced factory despite increased production costs in order to better uphold the principle of human dignity and fair business. On the other, hand a company that does not follow these principles would have to be one that is well aware of the unethical working environment in Chinese factories yet does nothing abo ut it in order to preserve profits. Implementing a Program Based on the various facts that have been presented so far, it can be seen that in order for leaders to ensure that organisational decisions are made ethically there is a need to implement a program in the company where the aforementioned principles in Global Business Standards Codex are implemented on a company wide basis. One way in which this can be accomplished is through a program entitled â€Å"Employee Ethics and Integrity† which will be a Code of Ethics that shall be strictly enforced by a company that all employees are expected to conform to. The value of implementing these particular standards is that it ensures that the company has a proper ethical basis by which it conducts its business. This will reflect in aspects related to corporate social responsibility, adherence to proper ethical methods of accounting and environmental protection as well as generally ensuring that employees within the stick to pract ices which are to the benefit of the company itself. Conclusion It can be assumed that if such a program is properly implemented within the near future, problems related to corporate mismanagement, falsification of data, skirting laws and government regulations can be avoided with employees taking into consideration the consequences of their actions based on prescribed disciplinary action should violations of the ethical code of conduct be violated as outlined by the Global Business Standards Codex. Not only would this adherence benefit a company but it would most likely benefit consumers as well. Reference List Bowen, S. A., Heath, R. L. (2005). Issues management, systems, and rhetoric: exploring the distinction between ethical and legal guidelines at Enron.  Journal Of Public Affairs (14723891), 5(2), 84-98. De Cremer, D., Dick, R., Tenbrunsel, A., Pillutla, M., Murnighan, J. (2011). Understanding Ethical Behaviour and Decision Making in Management: A Behavioural Business Ethi cs Approach. British Journal Of Management,  22S1-S4. Ferrell, O. C., Rogers, M., Ferrell, L., Sawayda, J. (2013). A Framework for Understanding Ethical Supply Chain Decision Making. Journal Of Marketing  Channels, 20(3/4), 260-287. Groves, K., Vance, C., Paik, Y. (2008). Linking Linear/Nonlinear Thinking Style Balance and Managerial Ethical Decision-Making. Journal Of Business Ethics,  80(2), 305-325 Shelley, S. (2005). Ethical interpretations of management decision making in higher education. International Journal Of Management Decision Making, 6(3/4), 1. Verbeke, W., Ouwerkerk, C., Peelen, E. (1996). Exploring the Contextual and Individual Factors on Ethical Decision Making of Salespeople. Journal Of  Business Ethics, 15(11), 1175-1187. This report on Ethical Decision Making was written and submitted by user Jerome Gamble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Ethical decision making The situation presented before us is of dire importance and requires urgent attention. It has been recently brought to my notice that a shipment that is to be dispatched to South America soon has a batch of defective whistles and fails to adhere to the standardized content of lead in the product. This may escalate serious health issues among the young users who are target customers for the toys.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical decision making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, this memo presents three options that may prevent any form of health hazard to the children who will ultimately be using the product: recall the products which are reported as defective, do not dispatch the shipment and re-make the order considering dire financial consequences, dispatch the shipment and hush up the whole issue. The process of decision making is dependent on heuristic since it provides assumptions, integra tion of options, and ethical control. Decision environment often experience dynamics and swings which create short and long term effect on chances of survival for two alternatives to solve a problem. When faced with a decision dilemma that requires critical assessments, analysis resorts to analytical tools that ensure competitive positioning advantage. Each option is assigned to a quadrant with predetermined response strategies and ‘follow-ups’ upon implementation. Before we go ahead to choose one of the options as our final choice we must undertake a cost-benefit analysis of the three recommendations as presented above. The first recommendation as presented above is to recall the products when they are reported defective. This has many financial advantages. If we do not out rightly reject the ones that are defective and do not adhere to the safety level of lead in whistles, then the company need not incur the financial loss of re-producing the whole lot of whistles. On the other side of the problem is the question, if unethical conduct on part of the company to avoid the issue, is a serious breach of quality standard, especially when it was aware of the pending issue. Passing the products as quality checked would imply that the company had passed the products in its quality checks and it implicitly adhered to the standards set by the governments. Therefore, the consumers could take the quality standard to be perfects as per the government norms. However, if any of the products failed the quality test this would create a stigma to the company and the image of the company would be irrevocably tarnished. In addition, the company could face litigations for not maintaining quality standards from both the consumers as well as the government authorities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second option was to stop the delivery of the product an d re-produce the whole batch of whistles. This option though is apparently expensive for one had to forgo the cost of re-production from scratch and the rejection and dumping of the rejected whistles, however, this option was ethically correct. The reason for it being ethically correct is that the company would then follow the quality standards set by the government as well as adhere to it when they may have gotten away with the minor disruption in quality standards. This would increase the credibility of the company and may make the consumers more loyal to the products. The problematic concern for the company is the extra cost that it has to incur. The company has to face an additional cost of producing the whole batch. The financial cost of producing the whole lot again will be very high and the company may have a face a high loss. The third option would be a highly unethical standpoint i.e. to send the whole shipment for distribution and hush up the whole issue of quality breach. This would sell products and the company need not face any extra cost of production. Further, the products would be delivered on time. In addition, until the products are specifically tested for lead content in the whistles, chances are that the authorities too would not come to know about the quality violation. This option though financially extremely viable, is unethical and goes against the social responsibility of the company. If the excess percentage of lead in the whistles do children harm, the onus of the poisoning would be on the company, which may lead to loss of reputation as well as business. While evaluating the whole scenario it must be noted that the quality testing done by the quality assurance team had identified an anomaly in the lead content in the metal whistles manufactured for the elementary school toy collection. The main market where the toys are expected to be sold belongs to underage children from primary and elementary schools.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Ethical decision making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The case shows that the company tested for quality of the lead whistles attached to the toys. The testing showed that the content of lead was higher than the maximum level of lead permissible in metal toys targeted to children. This is believed to be harmful for the children below seven years and do not qualify the quality standards in the US. The company had an allotment of a large shipment due to be delivered in South America by the end of the forthcoming week and missing on deadline would be disastrous for the company. The loss the company has to incur due to failure of supplying or re-production of the whistles adhering to the quality standards would be approximately around $100,000. Now as a socially responsible company, we must adhere to the ethical decision making process. However, the economical consideration in making a socially responsible et hical decision is a dichotomous path. Milton Freidman has pointed out that the social responsibility of a business is to create profit . However today reducing ethical behavior to solely economical consideration is not enough. If companies are solely driven by profit motif they will end up taking an unethical decision that may do society more harm than good. Today businesses are responsible in taking prominent roles in societal building and therefore ethical conduct devoid of profit motif becomes more important. Unlike Freidman, the present ethical concern reverses Friedman’s theory and reduces economic profit motif to ethical behavior. Therefore, the new mantra for businesses is to be socially responsible for â€Å"ethics pays† . The moral philosophy that the company must follow begins with the philosophies of Socrates and/or Plato who believed that the †¦ good and bad, right and wrong, reflect subjective opinion and desire – how we as human beings and as individuals feel about things – Plato and Socrates believed that good and bad, right and wrong, are part of the objective nature of things – how the world around us really is.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some ethical beliefs portend that necessary economic rationality leads to ethical behavior. In other words, such idea of ethical conduct beliefs that unethical behavior is not profitable for the business. However, in case of the production of faulty metal whistles it must be understood that following the ethically correct path does not necessarily mean that it would be financially viable. In order to make the whole thing in an ethically right point one must understand that it would incur a lot of cost that will not be beneficial to the company or to any other stakeholders. Based on this understanding, the second option seems that most potent alternative that the company must pursue. Therefore, the company must pledge to call back all the whistles that do not adhere to the quality standards and reproduce them before supplying them to the market. This is the only decision that is ethically correct and helps the company to act in a socially responsible manner. For the contaminated whis tles may do harm to little children who will be the end users of the toys and may cause great harm to their health. This will not be a profitable outcome for both the company and the society. Therefore, recalling the faulty products and producing them again would be the right decision for the company to take. This decision to recall all the products will help in improving customer relations. This is so because customers will gain greater faith on the ethical conduct of the company and will be assured with the company’s socially responsible stand. Further, this ethical decision can be used as a leverage to promote the quality standard of the product to assure the customers of the company’s integrity and stand towards making quality toys safe for children to use. This would definitely improve the perception of the company to the customers. There is a very fine line between the rationally correct, economically viable, and ethically correct decision. Decision making for th e company must be based on addressing all three aspects and not only one of them. An ethically correct decision may incur short-term loss to the company but in the longer run, this would be a more profitable decision. Report Ethical decision-making is an important aspect of doing business. Many philosophers today believe that without doing business ethically one cannot assume profit. In this respect, the company must undertake ethical decision making in order to remain viable as well as respected. An unethical company may end up losing its customer base for even customers today are highly conscious of the ethical decision making done by companies. Specifically, the business cannot survive without the customer who must be made to feel part of the business endeavors to win the aspects of brand loyalty, acceptability and support. An ethical decision can be defined as a decision with moral and legal appeal to the wider community. The aspect of commitment is crucial element in examining ethicality of a decision. In precision, for these decisions to hold and be positively assimilated into the work environment, a series of tests are carried out by gathering facts and incorporating them in defined issues surrounding ethics to test the consciousness in application. Thirdly, the aspect of competency is critical in separating premises from assumptions in making ethical decisions. The first area that one must understand is that the company should encourage a culture that condemns unethical behavior and rewards ethical work activities. As a company, we must understand that being ethical is profitable. There are two types of dilemmas that companies face today – first, is to forego economic interest in order to remain ethical and the other is to forego ethical behavior to maximize profit. As a company, we have to decide which one of these problems leads to rational decision making. Therefore, as one would point out that it would be irrational for a company to consciou sly choose not to pollute the environment to save it from polluting and similarly, it would also be irrational for a company to consciously pollute the environment in order to maximize one’s profit. The second rational may sound pragmatic to many, which foster the behavior of doing what one wants to do, and the other is considered pragmatic rationalization and gains support from consequential and utilitarian philosophies. From an idealist perspective, one can reject a pragmatic approach. The idealist perspective condemns all actions that are pursued at the cost of ethical behavior in order to gain interest. Therefore, according to this perspective, ethical conduct is of utmost importance and no employee should behave unethically . From this philosophy’s point of view, all those behaviors, which are unethical but have economical rationality, are irrational. Therefore, both the pragmatic and idealist philosophies are two ends of ethical thinking and therefore in order to obtain a more rational, stable, and less obtuse philosophy. For instance, it would be pragmatic to believe that â€Å"it can be rational to choose a profitable but unethical behavior as well as to choose a costly but ethical behavior.† Therefore, the main potent of the third approach is to combining the two i.e. the material and the ethical concerns that may lead to the belief that any behavior may â€Å"a process and a consequence† . In this way, a company has to adopt a mode that involves both ethical and profit seeking behavior, which may be called the optimal behavior. In order to increase the probability of ethical decision making enshrined within the company culture, the company must undertake a few steps that would ensure ethical decision-making. The company must inculcate a culture of honesty. The reason for embracing honesty in the company culture, as businesses is nothing but a subset of human relationships. The commonplace rules of morality do not uphold in everyday business dealings where at times one has to crush to competition to become the leader. Therefore, in business, like in many other games like football or boxing the common ethical rules logically do not apply. Further, as national culture based ethical decision making research has shown countries high on individualism like the US have to incorporate ethical behavior for individuals as collective ethical norms will not be affective in such an organization . Business ethics are obligations that the management of a business should follow in doing business activities. Reflectively, when a business fails to follow these obligations, ethical dilemmas are likely to occur and negatively affect such business. Based on the code of ethics, the management of a business should exercise integrity when preparing statements and report accurate information to all stakeholders. Moreover, good business ethics define objectivity and motivation in maintaining trust in transactions. In the conte mporary world, any business has social responsibilities which determine how it operates, how it carries out its duties and how it survives in the markets full of competition. The social responsibility of a business is to make profits in the market through value addition, responsible production, accountability, and quality in their products. Therefore understanding the cultural norm of the company before implementing an ethical decision making structure is important. Strategy and the Process of identifying them Figure 1: Ethical decision-making process In order to spot the strategies, an internal survey was conducted which helped to determine the ethical requirements of the company and these strategies were identified as the most important factors affecting ethical culture. The steps followed in identifying the steps were: First the areas were identified which frequently required general ethical decision-making. This process helped to identify the issues that were ethics related. T he guidelines already at disposal were consulted to see the strategies that are important to set up an ethical decision making process. Then all the sources were evaluated that might influence decision making process such as individual and group prejudices, attitudes, and needs. The strategies that evolve from the above three processes are brainstormed and then the two strategies had been identified. Then the consequences of adopting these strategies to the business were weighed. This step was essentially a cost-benefit evaluation. This essentially viewed the outcome of adopting the strategies. The strategies were implemented. The two strategies that the company must adopt to ensure ethical decision-making are – 1) promote a culture that fosters integrity and honesty, and 2) create a workplace that respects the interest of others as well as the environment. The first point is based on the belief that honesty and integrity are two pillars that must be imbibed within individua ls as well as teams in the organization in order to inculcate a culture of honesty. This strategy was derived through detailed discussion with the top management and through a survey on their perspective of the importance of ethics and moral in the organization. Figure 1 shows that in order to establish ethical decision making within the organization, the organization must foster a culture of ethical conduct within the organization. An ethically right culture within an organization is important to help the organization make ethically correct decisions. Further, a culture that helps promote ethical behavior is important for enforced ethical conduct cannot be sustained for repeated decision-making process. It is not a point at which a decision is to be made but organizations have to undertake chain of decision making which must be enforced through an ethical culture that all believe in. an understanding of the corporate culture among the individuals and teams is important for this wil l only increase the propensity of the individuals to make ethical decision a part of their regular logical thinking. The second aspect that individuals must concentrate on is that the workplace culture must respect the stakeholders. A business has many stakeholders right from its customers to the government or the people who derive drinking water from the river where the company dumps its waste. Therefore, the company has responsibility not only to the people directly involved with the organization but also to people who are indirectly affected by the actions of the business. Given this, one must understand that ethical decision-making will help the company not only gain good popularity among its customers but also to the community. Therefore, the company has to adopt a strategy to enhance awareness of the environmental damage that a business may cause and trying to avoid such problems is important for the company and must therefore be incorporated in its regular decision making pro cess. Ethical decision-making must also include the interest of the stakeholders and the environment. Code of Ethics A code of ethics will help the company to attain a better position and a socially responsible position among its stakeholders. This can be used as a leverage to market the brand of the company. Ethical business decision making also helps in marketing the organization and developing a socially responsible brand. A code of ethics would benefit the company to gain greater loyalty from its customers and stakeholders, which would enhance its brand image. The code of ethics of 3M specifically points out that individual integrity and honesty are the most important part of ethical conduct within an organization . This is so because individuals are the microcosms that build an organization . Further, the company makes sure that its workplace of remains safe and all individuals respect the dignity of all individuals directly or indirectly involved with the organization. Further , the company pledges to promote a culture of fairness, transparency, respect, and integrity within the organization. Further, the company also pledges to protect the environment and avoid conflict between professional and personal life. The aspects of 3M’s code of ethics that could benefit the company are its culture of fairness, transparency, and integrity that would help in avoiding conflicts among the personal and professional ethics of employees. Ethical decision making process involves stating the problem after which the underlying facts are verified. This is followed by identification of the relevant factors and developing the possible options to eliminate dilemma. The identified options are then tested for their harm, publicity, reversibility, defensibility, and professional, organization, and colleague aspects. The testing step is followed by making a choice and then reviewing the entire process for authenticity within the 3M’s code of ethics. The main problem s with stakeholder collaboration include conflict of interest, imbalance of authority, legitimacy challenges and urgency response to business demands when aligning the 3M’s ethical code. These problems may make stakeholder collaboration difficult especially when the business environment is experiencing series of economic swings and require steadfast approach to reversing the challenges. Through the dual pillar approach, the 3M’s ethical leadership will comprise of a combination of moral being and moral management skills. The combination of the two aspects is critical in building ethical leadership reputation since executive responsibility functions on moral codes that promote proactive leadership in making decisions that directly affect business sustainability. This model defines expected behavior, procedural patterns, and response to every deviation. Ethical dilemmas are easy to distinguish and unravel. Thus, a comprehensive review of the situation or factors that led to such a dilemma should be analyzed with an intention of reversing the challenges currently facing this company with its Whistles product. Conclusion Therefore, the report presents the importance of building an ethically right organizational in order to inculcate an environment of ethical decision-making. Incorporating integrity and honesty within the culture of the organization is important for this would allow an unobtrusive practice of ethical decision-making. Individuals should be made aware of the ethically correct positions and they should be encouraged to be more honest and fair in their daily dealings. Reflectively, ethical conduct within the organization must be practiced to have a better organization. References 3M. (2013, May 15). Ethical Business Conduct Guidlines. Retrieved from 3M: https://www.3m.com/ Graham, G. (2004). Eight Theories of Ethics. New York: Routledge. Le Menestrel, M. (2002). Economic rationality and ethical behaviour: ethical business between venality and sacrifice. Business Ethics: A European Review, 11(2), 157-166. Vitell, S. J., Nwachukwu, S. L., Barnes, J. H. (1993). The effects of culture on ethical decision-making: An application of Hofstede’s typology. Journal of Business Ethics 12(10), 753-760. This essay on Ethical decision making was written and submitted by user Judah V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Helping Others Helping others is one of the most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. It could be from helping a senior citizen cross the street, to saving someones life On September 11th, 2001 a New York City firefighter by the name of Christopher Blackwell, passed away in the collapse of the World Trade Center. Mr. Blackwell and his fellow firefighters, died in their line of duty, which was to help people get out of the burning twin towers alive. Mr. Blackwell along with another 360+ fire fighters gave up their lives to â€Å"help others†. Mr. Blackwell and his whole family of firefighters worked together to save the innocent civilians on that unbearable day. Last football season I played with Ryan Blackwell, the son of the hero, and when he missed his football practices that week, all I could do was try and think of a way to help Ryan and his family feel better. So my Mother and I both worked together in making them a desert and giving them a card of our love towards the family. After all, it was the least we could do. In the inside it felt good, knowing that we tried to help a family through hard times, but nothing can replace what they lost that faithful day.... Free Essays on Helping Others Free Essays on Helping Others Helping Others Helping others is one of the most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. It could be from helping a senior citizen cross the street, to saving someones life On September 11th, 2001 a New York City firefighter by the name of Christopher Blackwell, passed away in the collapse of the World Trade Center. Mr. Blackwell and his fellow firefighters, died in their line of duty, which was to help people get out of the burning twin towers alive. Mr. Blackwell along with another 360+ fire fighters gave up their lives to â€Å"help others†. Mr. Blackwell and his whole family of firefighters worked together to save the innocent civilians on that unbearable day. Last football season I played with Ryan Blackwell, the son of the hero, and when he missed his football practices that week, all I could do was try and think of a way to help Ryan and his family feel better. So my Mother and I both worked together in making them a desert and giving them a card of our love towards the family. After all, it was the least we could do. In the inside it felt good, knowing that we tried to help a family through hard times, but nothing can replace what they lost that faithful day....

Macro exam 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro exam 3 - Assignment Example In any market, money flows from the buyer to the seller, the money will therefore move from the household to the firms. However, as indicated earlier, market for goods and services are not the only markets available lest the firms would have all the money in a given field. The firm therefore has to pay for the factors of production to have the finished product i.e. the automobile. The factors of production for example capital needs to be in place. To manufacture the automobile, there are the machines which need to be bought and the labor that will do the work. Therefore in the second phase of the model, the household will give labor, capital and land to the firms while the money flows back to the household. The model is circular due to the flow of money from the households to the firms and back. The main goals of any given economy include economic growth, reduction of the number of unemployed people in the given economy or country and low inflation. A country’s increase in the standard of peoples living is used to define a growth in the economy. This is done by enhancing production and ensuring that the economy is self-sustaining. A high rate of unemployment is seen in a country or society where many people want to get jobs where they are employed or are earning an income but they do not get it. Lack of economic growth is depicted by rise in unemployment levels in a given country among other factors. When inflation hits a given country, the price of goods and services shoot up. Using the price index, it is possible to measure the price level and establish whether there is inflation of prices or not. The peoples’ standard of living is determined by the economic growth in the specific region. If there is no economic growth, the peoples’ standard of living will be low. There were various reasons that led to the culmination of the great depression. These include; - the crisis in the agricultural sector that led to the

1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

1 - Essay Example Each of these will be explored in turn with examples but greater emphasis on the last two. Cost has always been an obstacle to having many computers in schools (Micromart, N.d.). Low cost computing was then pioneered by the British Sir Clive Sinclair although the Acorn’s BBC eventually became more popular in UK schools (Lee, 2009). The greatest influx of computers into UK schools thus began in the late 1980s when the educational authorities supported the move (Smith, n.d.). Generally, the affordability of computers has been improving (Reddy, 2006) resulting in more of them being present in schools today. This includes laptops, as their prices and maintenance costs have been falling steadily making cost less of an obstacle nowadays (Warschauer, 2008). The form factor refers to the physical size and configuration of the computer hardware, or the physical arrangement of its case or internal components (Tech Target, 2005). As far as the outward size is concerned, computers have generally become smaller in size making them more convenient and space saving including peripherals such as the monitor. Early computers were too large for schools (Eteokleous, 2008). They also lacked sound and graphics capabilities (Smith, n.d.). The latest major trend in computer design is the tablet form. This follows on from the attempt at making smaller and cheaper laptops called notebooks. This form is likely to be more successful than notebooks because it is less bulky. Apple has led the way with its iPad, described by the company itself as "a whole new kind of device" (Apple, 2010). It offers more functionality than e-readers such as Amazons kindle and is easier to carry around than a netbook. This kind of convenience in a new computer form and at a lower cost than the traditional computers makes it ideal in education. The iPad like all e-readers can contain many textbooks which is easier than carrying several real textbooks

Labor Market in Gulf Countries

Labor Market in Gulf Countries India Steps Up Pressure for Minimum Wage for Its Workers in the Gulf The Labor Market in Gulf Countries This section of the report is about the labor market in the Gulf countries and how it is affected with changes in the labor policies by the governments of GCC countries. The GCC consists of six Arab countries including all Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The labor market is growing with the rapid growth of the economies of GCC countries. The governments of GCC countries prefer their national to be part of their organizations because of their higher education, and the nationals are also attracted towards the government sector of GCC countries because of the higher wages and generous benefits, job security, early retirement with pension and many other benefits associated with the government jobs. However, the labor market of GCC countries also contains a significant portion of expatriate workers, therefore the private sector heavily rely on the working on expatriate workers and the expatriate labor work also att racted towards the private sector because of the jobs that are available on fixed terms, the contracts of the jobs are specific and they are under the sponsorship of nationals. The labor migration to Gulf countries is considered to be of vast importance. The factors related to its importance are the relatively larger size of the Gulf countries and better economic conditions prevailing there. According to the recent reports, foreign workers especially from South Asia and Philippines make up around 90 percent or more of the private sector in all GCC countries except Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the rate of increasing population and the birth rate of foreign citizens in the Gulf countries also among other factors of increasing labor migration in Gulf countries. An individual labor law for every country in GCC is designed in accordance with international labor laws and standards, conventions and recommendations of International Labor Organization that aim to eliminate unfair labor practices and equal treatment of laborers regarding to the nationality, social status or religious belief. This is also because of the Global Economic Crises which cause the working class of South Asian countries to be affected badly, as a result many of the workers were not paid and most of the foreigner laborers had to leave the country and they put Gulf countries on the priority because of the high economic level and better wages rates than the European countries. Gulf countries recent policies and regulations on the protection of rights emphasize on the regulation on the labor market and boost national man power in private sector, by keeping the balance in working relationships at work place, increasing the labor protection and safeguarding the employeesâ€℠¢ interests at all. The above figure shows the supply and demand of labor market in the Gulf countries. It has shown that the labor market of the Gulf countries is effecting accordingly to the number of workers or workforce present there. If the supply of the workforce is increasing in Gulf countries because of the rising migration workers in Gulf countries, the demand is also increasing because of the increasing effect of the economies of Gulf countries, and the demand is also increasing because of their high expertise and high education in their relevant fields. According to the reports issued by the World Bank, there is various numbers of factors that have been contributed to the situation of youth employment situation in the Gulf countries. If considering the supply side, a demographic wave has increased the share of young people in the population because of the migration youth individuals to the Gulf countries has resulted the labor supply pressures. And if the demand size of the labor market is considered, young people in the labor markets of Gulf countries widespread with structural distortions. And the fact is that the public and private sector of GCC continues to attract young people towards themselves, with higher wage and benefit packages and better job security. Labor Market in India This section of the report considers the level of labor force and labor market in the economy of India. The India is considered to be the second largest country in the population growth after china and according to the reports of 2012, the labor workers who were working in India were 487 million, and 90 % of these workers were working in unorganized and unincorporated companies, while only 10 % of them are working in the organized private, state owned enterprises and government sectors. In local terms, the organized sector or formal sector are described as the sectors in India related to licensed organizations that are registered and pay income tax, and sales tax etc. These organizations of India include the publicly traded companies, corporations, factories, incorporated or formally registered entities, shopping malls, hotels, and large businesses. Unorganized sector, also known as informal sector or own account enterprises, refers to all unlicensed, self-employed or unregistered ec onomic activity such as owner manned general stores, handicrafts and handloom workers, rural traders, farmers, etc. If the labor market of India is to be seen, the matter of the fact is that there are two broad groups of migrant laborers working in India one group of migrant laborers is that who migrates to Gulf countries and overseas in order to work temporarily, and another group is that one who migrates on a seasonal and work available basis. According to the latest reports, the migrant workers who are Indian-origin laborers are about 4 million in number who are migrant workers in the Middle East and Gulf countries alone. They are accredited to been a part of Gulf countries and the majority of workers are those and are proud themselves who built many of Dubai, Qatar, Bahrain, and Persian Gulf modern architecture, and major of their architecture is the Burj Khalifa, which is considered to be the tallest building in worlds history which has started its operation in 2010. It is the common factor that no one wants to leave his country and the reason of leaving home country and to go abroad is that of financial surplus. These migrant workers are also attracted towards the Gulf countries because of better salaries, and getting the opportunity of even better jobs in order to remit funds and financials to support their families in India. In 2009, the reports by Middle East analysts show that the Middle East-based migrant workers from India remitted about US$20 billion. In many cases they also have to face the challenges and problems in dong jobs that is labor abuses and problems such as unpaid salaries, poor living conditions and unsafe work conditions have been claimed by the Indian migrant workers. Moreover, it has also been seen that national migrant workers in India have been assessed to be about 4.2 million. These migrant workers work according to their capacity and abilities and they have shown the range from full-time to part-time workers, permanent and temporary workers. They are typically employed for remuneration in cash or kind, in any household through any agency or directly, to do the household work, but do not include any member of the family of an employer. While talking to the India workforce in GCC countries, the reports suggests that India is the principal and major country of South Asia origin for the 17 million migrants in GCC countries. The Indian states are also sending their individuals also to GCC countries in order to get better employment and better remunerations. In 2004, the Indian state of Kerala only consists of the 26 percent of all households that had at least one temporary international migrant. And 89 percent of these were found to be in GCC countries (Zachariah and Rajan 2009, pp. 35, 162). According to the Philippines reports, that there were about 1.5 million temporary Overseas Filipino Workers (POEA 2011), in 2011 represented themselves while working abroad through the act of Philippine Overseas Employment Administration and according to the entire national labor force (BLES 2012) there were about 4 percent of the GCC migrants are Philippines who were working there. The figure below shows that the financial flow comes to the India because of the remittances from abroad and it has been seen that in the period of 2009-2011, 31.4% has been received by India only from the remittances of FDI from all over the world, and in 2012, only 30 of the total remittances came from GCC countries only. The above figure shows that India receives about as much in remittances from the GCC countries as it receives in FDI from the whole world The demand and supply of the labor market of India is not elastic and that the supply of the labor market is high and that the demand is ot that much high because of the economic conditions of the country and that the wages rates as well not according to the demands of the workers as well. Moreover, the high rate of population and unavailability of employment caused the migrants o move towards the GCC countries and overseas. According to the latest reports, the Indian migrates are not getting paid according to their demands and that the wages rate is quite minimum in Gulf countries for them. References Grm.grc.net,. (2014). The Gulf Research Meeting 2014: Workshop Details. Retrieved 29 August 2014, from http://grm.grc.net/index.php?pgid=Njk=wid=Mjg= Labor Market Challenges and the policies in Gulf Corporation Council union. (2014) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/FT/gcc/GCC3.pdf Ilo.org,. (2008). The Indian labour market: An overview. Retrieved 29 August 2014, from http://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_098851/langen/index.htm

Q&A: US Treatment of Suspected Terrorists :: essays research papers

1) Summarize the arguments that the United States used to justify its treatment of the prisoners. Ans. There were many arguments offered by the United States to justify its treatment of the prisoners. One of the arguments was that, Taliban and Al-Qaeda prisoners were ?unlawful enemy combatants? so therefore, Third Geneva Convention does not apply due to the fact they are not prisoners of war. This meant that US could treat the prisoners how ever they favored. Another dispute was raised which was the US human rights, which was argued by the US by raising up a point that the prisoners were not US citizens and were not living there. Lastly another argument raised was that strict rules and conduct was necessary for the prisoners because they have threatened US and strict behavior from US was legitimate. 2) Summarize the arguments that critics used to pressure the United States into changing its treatment of the prisoners. Ans. Various organizations and governments have accused the US for the unsuitable treatment of the prisoners. Critics say that these people are prisoners of war. The conditions do not meet the requirement level that is expected for prisoners of war and also some prisoner?s officials agree with this concept. They have stated that the conditions are below standard for the prisoners and the NGO Human Rights Watch completely opposes the treatment of the prisoners. According to the NGO, US are supposed to treat every detained combatant humanely, including unlawful combatants. Amnesty International wrote: ?The USA has variously used hooding, blindfolding, handcuffing, and shackling of detainees in Afghanistan, Guantanamo Bay, Iraq) 3) Identify some important issues of international law raised by this situation. Ans. The legal limbo is an important issue of international law raised by this situation, in which prisoners existed, a situation for which there was no provision under international law. According to international and human rights law, legal status as a prisoner of war or criminal should be determined by a competent, independent tribunal, not by the US captors. 4) In your opinion, was the United States justified in its treatment of al-Qaeda and Taliban prisoners? Explain your viewpoint. Ans. I fully disagree with the treatment of the Al-Qaeda and Taliban prisoners that took place by the USA. This is because some of them might be innocent, some of them might of changed there thoughts if they were reasoned with.

Othello Speech – Modernisation of Geoffery Sax’s Movie

Othello is a tragedy that examines the darker aspects of human existence such and jealousy and revenge. Othello is unique in the way that it forces us as audience to contemplate what it is to be human. Shakespeare ingeniously challenges the Elizabethan attitudes and values towards the prejudices of race and gender while also presenting his contextual theme of chaos versus order. These values transcend the context of both modern and contemporary audiences and it is through the BBC adaptation by Geoffrey Sax that modern audiences are able to engage with relevance of these issues. Othello is a story of black and white, or even more so black versus white. Shakespeare represents this racial battle on an interesting level, as a battle of good versus evil which is always seen in black versus white. It is within the character and interactions of Othello that, Shakespeare privileges and challenges the idea of the prejudice of racism. It can easily been seen that in Elizabethan times there would be no-one who would look favourably on a â€Å"black† man yet Shakespeare has placed him in one of the highest positions as the general of the Venetian army in Cyprus. Othello is a man of confidence, nobility and rank yet he is constantly inferior because of his colour as can be seen through Iago who refers constantly to him as â€Å"The Moor† and even states him of one with the devil; â€Å" When devils will the blackest sins put on†( Act 2 Scene 3, Line 341). This is likely to represent the attitudes of a great deal of people at the time the play was written as even the Queen of England was racist as at one point she expressed her discontent at the great number of ‘Negars and blackamoors which are crept into the realm’. Yet it is through Othello’s character that Shakespeare is able to challenge the stereotypical ideology of